Terminologies Related to Pavement Materials

ABRASION

磨损测试测量了聚集体的磨损或磨损性。该测试是在洛杉矶鼓中进行的，洛杉矶鼓中有一大批筛分的筛分分级。包含电荷的鼓和磨损钢球进行500旋转，然后通过12号筛子筛选材料。传球百分比是磨损百分比。

芳香学

About 40 to 65 % of bitumen weight is due to aromatics. This is a dark brown viscous liquid consisting of non polar carbon chains. They have high dissolving ability and act as dispersion medium for asphaltenes. Increase in aromatic content results in reduced shear strength.

ASPHALTENES

沥青质是高分子量的高极性和复杂的芳族烃。沥青质含量在很大程度上影响流变（流动

流血的

The exudation of bituminous material on a roadway surface after construction.

盲目

A covering of stone chips, sand or other suitable material applied to a road surface after an application of asphalt.

借

All material used in making embankments which does not come from necessary excavation.

BRACCIA

Braccia is a deposit containing a large proportion of coarse angular rock fragments.

金砖四国K

由潮湿的火粘土，半火粘土或页岩或粘土式粘土或其组合制成的建筑物和铺路材料，切成或模制成块，并通过燃烧而硬化。

CALCINED GYPSUM

Gypsum partially dehydrated by means of heat.

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

The strength of the sub grade and unbound granular material is measured in the California Bearing Ratio test. In this test a circular piston 1932 mm²in area is driven into the material at a specific rate. The load acting on the piston is recorded and that corresponding to a penetration of 2.5mm is determined. The ratio of that load to 1360 kg (The value obtained from a standard crushed stone sample) expressed as percentage is the CBR value of this material.

地毯

The term is applied to the wearing surface topping or top course of a bituminous surface laid in two or more coats.

CHIPS

Small angular fragments of stone containing no dust.

呛

填充空隙。

CINDER

碎石特别是铁爆炸炉或由燃烧煤炭产生的熟料，灰烬和煤渣的积累。

黏土

A type of soil which contain colloidal scale-like particles which are the cause of plasticity. Plasticity and dry strength are affected by shape and mineral composition of the particles.

凝聚

The force that binds the particles of any material together.

CORRUGATIONS

涟漪，波浪或统一起伏，可能会出现在所有类型的道路表面。

课程

一层或多层道路金属散布并分别压实，以形成道路或人行道。课程通常是按照其铺设顺序提及的，作为第一课程，第二课程，第三课程。

王冠

道路弯曲表面的较高部分。通常用来指定道路最高点和行进方式边缘的高度差异。这也是横截面上的最高点，通常在中心。

CRUSHED GRAVEL

如果至少有95％的颗粒因压碎，碎石被认为适合在沥青混合物中使用。

CRUSHED ROCK

碎石是通过机械压碎的采石场，砾石或距骨获得的。

CRUSHER RUN

直接从包含石材所有裂缝的破碎机获得的石头，从最大尺寸到破碎机灰尘。

DENSITY

Density is the unit weight of a given bituminous mix. This gives an indication of the bitumen content in designed mix and helps to establish the basis for controlling/ determination of compaction during construction. Density of specimens obtained from pavements determines the effectiveness of rolling.

DETOUR

A route the traffic follows in going around a closed portion of road, a temporary diversion or route.

硅藻土

Diatomaceous earth is composed essentially of siliceous skeletons of diatoms (extremely minute unicelled organisms). It is composed mainly of silica, white or light gray in colour and is extremely porous.

瓦解的花岗岩

It is granite which has been subjected to natural weathering conditions to the extent that some of the minerals have been altered; e.g., feldspar to kaolin, mica to chlorite, which alterations are accompanied by considerable loss of mechanical strength in the rock structure.

DRY SIEVE ANALYSIS

This test determines the material retained on each sieve size as the material, thoroughly dried, is passed over a set of sieves of standard selected sizes of square openings. The sieves are held together in a frame so that the sieve with the largest opening is on top and those of smaller openings successfully follow one below other.

延性

Ductility is an indication of the extension or stetchability of bitumen under standard conditions. A small briquette of bitumen of a given dimension at a standard test condition is pulled in an apparatus at a standard rate of speed until the thread of bitumen breaks. The length of the pull measured in cm is designated as ductility of the bitumen sample under test.

EFFECTIVE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

这确定了骨料中的水渗透空隙可渗透到沥青粘合剂中的程度。由于沥青比水更具粘性，因此将在较小程度上覆盖这些空隙。

胖的

包含过量的沥青材料。肥胖的沥青混合物是沥青水泥过量并且过量显而易见的混合物。

闪点

闪点是沥青在存在外部开火的情况下给出瞬时闪光灯的最低温度。

泡沫

The condition of hot asphalt cement caused by rain or water getting into the hot bitumen and causing excessive building up of small steam bubbles.

FORMATION LEVEL

The surface of the excavated or made up ground on which a road is constructed.

FOUNDATION

表示路线结构的部分位于地层上。

易碎

Easily broken up.

分级石或金属

It is a stone metal that has been segregated into sizes suitable for use under various construction specifications. The maximum size rock in any one gradation is usually 6 to 8 cm max. & 2 to 4 cm min.

花岗岩

花岗岩甚至是结晶的岩石，基本上由长石和石英组成，并具有较少量的云母和其他铁尼斯矿物质。

碎石

砾石由大于大约5毫米直径的笨重矿物颗粒组成。新利18体育官网登录大于5mm的碎片称为石头，​​大于25厘米的碎片称为巨石。

GREEDY

应用于将吸收大量沥青结合材料的聚集体或表面。

GRIT

Applied to small sized stone used for binding road surfaces which have received a bituminous dressing.

灌浆

To fill the joints and voids in smaller masonry or in courses of road metal with grout, such as asphalt.

GYPSUM

Hydrous calcium sulphate, contains 32.5 % lime, 46.6 % sulphur trioxide and 20.9% water. Some varieties are alabaster, gypsite, satin spar & selenite.

手倾斜

Applied to large stones, boulders or bricks placed by hand or a road to form a foundation or bottom course.

HARD CORE CLINKER

Broken brick, rubble, etc., placed in a road structure to form a foundation or bottom course.

HOGGING

细沙，泥土碎石，沼泽，后矿石，石灰石灰尘，破碎机尘埃和其他合适的细材料，这些材料形成水结合的澳洲坚果表面。

热的混合物或热混合沥青

Plant mixes of bitumen and aggregates which must be spread and compacted while in a heated condition. They are prepared directly with bituminous cements and lose their workability when cooled to atmospheric temperatures.

HYDRATED LIME

通过用足够的水处理慢速的干粉，以满足其在水合条件下满足其化学亲和力。它基本上由氢氧化钙或氢氧化钙，氧化镁和氢氧化镁的混合物组成。

坎卡

Kankar is much the same as moorum but with much higher degree of calcification. “Lime Kankar” is usually found in beds upto a depth of three metres, which when removed breaks up into high percentage of very hard nodules of limestone like pieces containing a matrix of sand & silt.

LAKE ASPHALT

在世界上几个地方以沉积物表面的形式发现沥青沉积物。但是，有大约100英亩的单一湖泊，这是世界上最大的沥青。该湖深约90m，估计含有新利18体育官网登录10至1500万吨沥青。该材料不能直接在道路上使用，因为它非常困难，因此将其与较软的沥青融合在一起以获得正确的效果。

LATERITE

A name derived from the Latin word for brick earth and applied to the red residual soils or surface products that have originated in site from the atmospheric weathering of rocks. Especially found in the tropics. In many cases laterite is disintegrated granite which has become restablised by oxidation of contained minerals within the original stone such as iron, aluminum, etc. Laterite is quite often red in colour and extensively used in road construction in India.

倾斜

Containing a deficiency of bituminous material or conversely containing excess of aggregate.

平整课程

放置的课程是为了塑造旧表面以适当的横截面以接受后续的表面路线。

石灰石

任何自然的沉积物起源岩石主要由碳酸钙或钙和碳酸镁组成，其原始化学物质的碎片或结晶形式。

马歇尔测试

马歇尔试验由c的制造ylindrical specimens 102 mm in diametre & 64 mm high by using a standard compaction hammer and a cylindrical mould. The specimens are tested for their resistance to deformation at 600C at a constant rate of 50mm/min.in a testing rig. The top and bottom of the specimen remain unconfined. The maximum load before failure is called Marshall Stability and the amount of deformation of the specimen before failure is known as Marshall Flow. The ratio of stability to flow is called Marshall Quotient and is an indicator of the materials resistance to permanent deformation.

石工

砌体最广泛的意义包括所有石材或类似材料的结构，其中将单独的碎片放在一起，或者没有固定材料以加入它们。或包裹在牢固固化材料的矩阵中。在通常的实践中，“砖石”一词有资格通过某个适当的术语，特别描述了所考虑的砖石，例如，石材，混凝土，砖块，湿，湿，湿，粗糙，磨损，未磨砂，灰烬，阿什勒等。

MOORUM

摩尔虽然经常用于道路建设中，但易于柔软（比砖更柔软），并且很容易分解。它由淤泥和沙子组成，由于原始沉积物在地下水上的过滤作用而导致钙化和其他手段部分稳定。摩尔人也是由崩解的岩石形成的，两个最常见的品种是黄色和红色摩尔人。如果底座是较晚的，如果底座是陷阱，则它是红色的。在印度大部分地区发现了摩尔人，在德干尤其普遍存在。

有机物

Organic matter consists either of partly decomposed vegetation as in peats or of finely divided vegetable matter as in organic silts and organic clays.

姑息治疗

A short lived dust layer. Applied to water, oils and other preparations with which roads are treated to temporarily lay dust.

豌豆砾石

Clean gravel, the particles of which equal the size of peas.

泥炭土

土壤主要由有机材料组成，大量分解但略微纤维，易于识别的植物。

PENETRATION

穿透通过测量标准针头在25oC下渗透到25oC的沥青样品中，在施加5秒钟的载荷下，标准针头渗透到25oC的沥青样品中，确定了沥青的相对硬度或一致性。

PERMEABILITY

任何材料允许注入水的程度。

PIT STONE

Pit stone is usually gravel dug from pits or conglomerate quarry faces. Most pit stones vary from rounded to subrounded.

PORTLAND CEMENT

Portland cement is a product obtained by finely pulverizing clinker produced by calcining incipient fusion an intimate and properly proportioned mixture of agrillaceous and calcareous materials with no additions subsequent to calcination excepting water and calcined or uncalcined gypsum.

采石场

采石场是石头，是通过爆炸或从采石场的固体岩石开采的。通常，这些石头的所有面都骨折。

QUARTZITE

一种变形的石英砂岩，由原始谷物之间的次级二氧化硅的沉积形成，因此岩石比以前更牢固地固定和多孔，并且倾向于在谷物上破裂。

快速石灰

一种钙化材料，其中主要部分是氧化钙或氧化钙的自然缔合中，氧化镁含量较低，能够用水扫灭。

树脂

树脂的颜色是深棕色，是固体或半固体，本质上是高度极性的。树脂的极性性质赋予沥青的强粘性特性。通常，树脂按重量占沥青的10％至20％。树脂含量的增加会硬化沥青，减少渗透指数并增加剪切强度和粘度。

道路金属或聚合

道路建设中使用的多种类型和尺新利客户寸的硬颗粒材料，即沙子，砾石，碎石，压碎的岩石，矿渣，煤渣，煤渣，沼泽，kankar，kankar，intertite，portland cement粘土，石灰岩灰尘，硅藻土，矿物质，矿物质，矿物质，矿物质填充剂等

ROCK ASPHALT

In France, Switzerland & Italy naturally coated bituminous aggregate is found at a few places. The natural asphalt in these regions is found in rocky terrain consisting mainly of calcerous porous rocks like limestone and sandstone. Over the period of time the asphalt has seeped into the stones and hence naturally occurring stones coated & impregnated with asphalt are found in these areas.

沙

从对砂由矿物颗粒的不同新利18体育官网登录5 mm to 0.05 mm in diameter.

SATURATES

Saturates are aliphatic hydrocarbons and are non polar in nature. They are white or straw in colour. Saturates account for 5 to 20% of the weight of bitumen. Increasing Saturates can make the bitumen softer.

SHOULDER

在高速公路使用中，路径或人行道之间的路基，以及填充物中路堤的顶部或沟渠顶部之间的路径。

SILT

Silt consists of natural mineral grains smaller than 0.05 mm which lack plasticity and have little or no dry strength.

SLAG

Fused or partially fused composed of silica in combination with lime or other bases, resulting in secondary products from the reduction of metallic ores.

蓝色石灰

蓝石灰是氢氧化钙，这是一种由游离石灰的水合形成的化合物。

SOFTENING POINT

Softening point is the temperature at which a standard quantity of bitumen will become fluid. It is usually tested by a ball/ring test method.

SOLUBILITY

The portion of bitumen which fully dissolves in carbon tetrachloride represents the actual binder material in the bitumen sample.

距离

Talus is naturally broken stone as is often found in slides and at the base of rocky heights. Talus rock, with some exceptions, has all faces fractured and is usually classified angular to subangular.

TAR

Tar is obtained during the process of destructive distillation of wood or coal. Tar was used in road construction in India till 1950s. Today due to better quality and availability Bitumen has completely replaced tar in the road construction industry.

THEORETICALLY GRADED STONE

理论上的石材是通过均匀混合已知分级尺寸的计算百分比来获得的，以产生适合提议的工作的合并等级。通常以书面形式指定等级限制，或在级别图表上显示，无论哪种情况，允许的最小值和最大金额或最大金额或保留在所使用的各种屏幕和筛子上的保留。

THIN FILM OVEN TEST

该测试表明植物混合过程中沥青可能发生的硬度可能会发生。在薄膜烤箱测试之后和之前，将硬化的趋势测量为穿透性的百分比。该样品的50克在标准尺寸杯中保存，旋转在维持在165的通风式烤箱内的架子上⁰C for 5 hours. Penetration is taken before and after the test.

陷阱岩

Trap rock includes the dark – coloured fine grained and dense igneous rocks composed essentially of the ferro magnesian minerals, basic feldspars, and little or no quartz. The ordinary commercial variety of trap is basalt, diabase or grabo. “Black Trap” refers mainly to the basalt rocks.

VISCOSITY

Viscosity of bitumen determines the flow characteristics of bitumen at a given temperature. It is taken in the Saybolt Furol seconds.

VOIDS

Determination of voids in a compact specimen of paving mixture is done by checking the specific gravity of aggregate and the specific gravity of bitumen used.

WASH SIEVE ANALYSIS

如果骨料包含可能粘在粗骨料颗粒上的极细灰尘，则粒度分布是通过洗涤过程进行的。