Scaffolding

当提供临时结构以支持工人的平台时，在凸起高度（通常超过1.5米）的施工期间所需的结构材料和器具脚手架。

脚手架的应用

Scaffolding is necessary in following situations.

• 支持Masons可以站立并携带抹灰，砖块或绘画等职责的工作平台。
• 还提供了脚手架拆除或maintenance work of the building has to be carried out.

脚手架期间要考虑的要点

• 脚手架的建设与设计隶属于建筑工地的安全调节。例如，当一个人易于从2米下降时，支架的平台应设置有保护导轨，高度为1米，并且在平台上方至少200mm处的连杆板。
• 新利18体育官网登录大约35％到40％的建筑工地发生的事故发生是由于脚手架有缺陷。因此，严格的监督应根据脚手架勃起期间的标准做法遵循。
• 所有脚手架都应该正确固定，使它们不会横向远离墙壁。同样，它也应该稳定稳定。
• The platform should be wide enough to accommodate a person working on it. It should not be less than 425 mm in width when the height is more than 1.8 m.
• When materials are to be stored on the platform then the width of the platform should not be less than 850 mm.
• Workmen should not work under the scaffolding.

Types of Scaffolding

The following different types of scaffolding are in common use.

1. 单脚手架或砌砖脚手架
2. Double scaffolding or masons scaffolding
3. 悬臂或针脚脚手架
4. 鸟笼脚手架
5. 梯子或脚轮脚手架
6. 暂停的脚手架

Shoring

建造of temporary structures to support an unsafe structure is called shoring.

支撑的应用

在以下情况下提供支撑

When a building wall shows sign of bulging or leaning outward

At the time of dismantling or reconstructing a defective building wall, shoring is provided to support the floors or roofs connected to that wall.

Shoring is also provided to support super structure when large openings are required to be made in the walls.

Key Points to Consider During Shoring

可以通过海岸到不安全结构的临时支持可以在外部或内部或可能来自两侧。

To maintain equilibrium, it is essential that the lines of actions of overturning forces in floors and roofs, the forces in walls and the reaction of the shores must meet at a single point.

Shoring can be made of timber or steel considering the load it has to withstand.

支撑应该足够强大，以抵抗作用力，与经济一致

支撑的类型

根据空间中的支持特性或其位置，河床分为3种类型。

1. 耙或倾斜的海岸
2. Flying or horizontal shores
3. 死或垂直的海岸

支持

在现有基础下方提供以保持其稳定的结构被称为基础。支撑用于修理，加强或更新现有建筑的基础。

During underpinning, the existing structure is required to be temporary supported by means of raking shores.

基础的应用

以下情况需求支撑。

• 当墙壁缺陷的基础是用新的基础或墙壁的现有基础被加强时，使其能够携带更多负载。
• 当毗邻具有深层基础的建筑物时加强现有建筑的浅层脚步。
• 安全防范现有结构基础的过度或差异定居的危险。
• To increase depth of foundation to increase its bearing capacity so as to sustain heavier loads.
• 在建造现有建筑结构的地下室期间。

Key Points to Consider During Underpinning

• 应首先检查建筑物是否存在任何弱点，如可怜的砖砌或砌体，以及在支撑操作期间可能出现的结算的影响。
• Temporary support should be provided by adequate shoring and by strutting up of openings and inside of floors.
• 如果在高层建筑物以下的情况下，必须通过Plumb Bob或全站仪测量建筑物的任何移动。

基础的类型

There are several methods of underpinning of foundation of which the three popular methods are as follow.

1. 坑方法- 它涉及在现有基础下方的挖掘和建筑物加强。
2. Pile method- 它涉及在新建堆的各种类型上支持建筑，而不会挖掘。
3. 码头方法- 这是坑和桩法的组合，在基础下，第一次挖掘完成，并为新基础建立了一个PIR。